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汉英言语反讽的形式与功能一项基于电视辩论语料的语用研究

作　者: 姚俊
导　师: 许余龙
学　校: 上海外国语大学
专　业: 外国语言学与应用语言学
关键词: 言语反讽 多层面的不相容性 基于原型的范畴 反讽暗示 实现反讽的语用语言形式及语用策略 应答反讽的方式
分类号: H13
类　型: 博士论文
年　份: 2005年
下　载: 815次
引　用: 1次
阅　读: 论文下载
 

内容摘要


本文旨在考察汉语和美语这两种不同语言在言语反讽的使用上呈现的异同。研究主要致力于探讨反讽的两个方面:实现反讽的语用语言形式及语用策略(又称反讽的语用语言暗示)和反讽的语用功能。在进行该项对比研究前,必须首先解决两个至关紧要的问题。一是如何确定一句话语是反讽;另一个问题是如何为反讽这样一个复杂的语用现象构建一个可行的对比框架。为了制定辨认反讽的基本原则,文章首先对前人就反讽本质的研究进行了回顾。在借鉴这些研究成果的基础上,提出了一个综合性的反讽本质观:反讽是一个基于原型的范畴,反讽话语和非反讽话语之间没有明确的界限;反讽通常被用来表达说话者对某事物或者某个人的评价;反讽的认知往往是因为听话者在语境信息的提示下察觉到该话语中隐含着某种不相容性而促成的;反讽的使用必须达到某种语用效果。基于这样一个反讽本质观,本文提出了辨认反讽的基本原则。该原则认为,听话者对反讽话语中存在的多层面的不相容性的察觉是确认反讽的一个必要因素。要辨认一句话语是否为反讽,应该衡量它与原型反讽的相似性而不是看它是否具备了反讽所有的区别性特征。反讽的反讽值取决于六个因子:话语对说话者期望的提及程度,话语的语用不诚实度,话语对否定或者肯定意态的间接表达程度,独立于语境之外的话语合意度;说话者期望的显性程度以及该话语的语用效力。为了构建一个考察反讽的对比框架,本文着重探讨了两个问题:实现反讽的语用语言形式及语用策略和应答反讽的方式。在总结前人研究的基础上,本文列出了反讽主要的语用语言暗示,归纳了应答反讽的主要方式,为我们的对比实证研究确立了对比基础。为确保比较的合理性,我们把对比语料局限于同一个语境:电视辩论节目。我们的中英文语料都是来自颇受观众欢迎的电视辩论节目,即凤凰卫视的“时事辩论会”和CNN的“交火”。我们从176个“时事辩论会”的节目中收集了139个汉语的反讽语料,从67个“交火”的节目中收集了150个美国英语的反讽语料。我们对比语料的分析包括两个部分:一是考察两种语言在反讽的语用语言暗示上

全文目录


Acknowledgements  3-4
Abstract in English  4-7
Abstract in Chinese  7-9
Contents  9-12
Chapter 1 Introduction  12-23
  1.0 Preliminary Remarks  12
  1.1 A General Description of Irony  12-17
    1.1.1 Definitional Problems  12-14
    1.1.2 The Irony Family in English  14-16
    1.1.3 Properties of Ironic Utterances  16-17
    1.1.4 Pragma-linguistic Forms and Pragmatic Strategies to Realize Irony  17
  1.2 A Brief Comparison Between Verbal Irony in English and “Fanyu”in Chinese  17-18
  1.3 The Rationale of the Present Study  18-20
  1.4 Objectives and Methodology  20-21
  1.5 Outline of the Dissertation  21-23
Chapter 2 A Review of Previous Literature on the Nature of Irony  23-50
  2.0 Introduction  23
  2.1 The Traditional Rhetorical and Semantic Approaches: Irony as a Figure of Speech.  23-27
    2.1.1 Traditional Rhetorical and Semantic Definition of Irony  23-25
    2.1.2 Logical Refinement of Traditional Definition of Irony: Irony as Negation  25-27
  2.2 Pragmatic Approaches  27-34
    2.2.1 Irony as Violation of the Maxim of Quality: Grice’s theory  27-29
    2.2.2 Irony as Indirect Negation and Graded Salience Violation: Giora’s Revision of Grice’s Approach  29-31
    2.2.3 Irony as Relevant Inappropriateness: Attardo’s Development of Grice’s  31-32
    2.2.4 Irony as an Insincere Speech Act: Analyses of Irony within Speech Act Theory  32-34
  2.3 Cognitive Approaches  34-47
    2.3.1 The Echoic Mention/Interpretation Theory: Sperber & Wilson’s Approach  34-39
    2.3.2 The Pretense Theory: Clark & Gerrig’s Approach  39-41
    2.3.3 The Echoic Reminder Theory: Kreuz & Glucksberg’s Approach  41-42
    2.3.4 The Allusional Pretense Theory: Kumon-Nakamura et al.’s Approach  42
    2.3.5 Irony as Implicit Display of Ironic Environment: Utsumi’s Prototype-based Approach  42-47
  2.4 An Integrated View on the Nature of Irony  47-50
    2.4.1 Irony as a Prototype-based Category  48
    2.4.2 Irony as a Critical Evaluation  48
    2.4.3 Irony as a Multi-dimensional Incompatibility  48-49
    2.4.4 Irony with Pragmatic Forces  49-50
Chapter 3 Identification of Irony  50-89
  3.0 Introduction  50
  3.1 The Criterion for the Identification of Irony  50-54
    3.1.1 Psychological Basis for the Identification of Irony  50-53
    3.1.2 The Criterion  53-54
  3.2 Irony and Other Related Tropes  54-60
    3.2.1 Irony and Sarcasm  54-55
    3.2.2 Irony and Satire  55-56
    3.2.3 Irony and Innuendo  56-58
    3.2.4 Irony and Parody  58-60
  3.3 Irony and Other Related Speech Acts  60-66
    3.3.1 Irony and Jokes  61-62
    3.3.2 Irony and Teasing/Jocularity  62-64
    3.3.3 Irony and Lies  64-66
  3.4 Identification of Pragma-linguistic Cues Triggering Ironic Interpretation  66-89
    3.4.1 The Role of Pragma-linguistic Cues in Irony Understanding  66-67
    3.4.2 A Review of Previous Studies on Ironic Cues  67-74
    3.4.3 A List of Pragma-linguistic Cues for Irony  74-89
Chapter 4 Pragmatic Functions of Irony and Ways of Responding to Irony  89-98
  4.0 Introduction  89
  4.1 Pragmatic Functions of Irony  89-94
    4.1.1 Enhancing the Speaker’s Ironic Attitude, Especially a Negative One  90-91
    4.1.2 Amusing and Exhibiting a Sense of Wit  91-92
    4.1.3 Saving Face  92-93
    4.1.4 Establishing Solidarity  93-94
  4.2 Ways of Responding to Irony  94-98
    4.2.1 A Review of Recent Researches on the Responses to Irony  94-96
    4.2.2 The Relationship between Pragmatic Functions of Irony and Responses to  96-98
Chapter 5 Pragma-linguistic Cues for Irony Used in Mandarin Chinese and American English  98-139
  5.0 Introduction  98-99
  5.1 Research Design  99-101
    5.1.1 Objectives of the Study  99
    5.1.2 Description of the Data  99-101
  5.2 Pragma-linguistic Cues Used in Chinese Ironic Utterances  101-117
    5.2.1 An Overview of the General Types of Ironic Cues  101-103
    5.2.2 Lexical Cues  103-107
    5.2.3 Syntactic Cues  107-108
    5.2.4 Typical Rhetorical Devices  108-112
    5.2.5 Pragmatic Acts and Strategies  112-117
  5.3 Pragma-linguistic Cues Used in American English Ironic Utterances  117-132
    5.3.1 An Overview of the General Types of Ironic Cues  117-119
    5.3.2 Lexical Cues  119-122
    5.3.3 Syntactic Cues  122-123
    5.3.4 Typical Rhetorical Devices  123-126
    5.3.5 Pragmatic Acts and Strategies  126-132
  5.4 Comparison and Discussion  132-138
    5.4.1 An Overall Comparison  132-133
    5.4.2 Lexical Cues  133-135
    5.4.3 Syntactic Cues  135
    5.4.4 Typical Rhetorical Devices  135-136
    5.4.5 Pragmatic Acts and Strategies  136-138
  5.5 Summary  138-139
Chapter 6 Ways of Responding to Irony in Mandarin Chinese and American English  139-159
  6.0 Introduction  139
  6.1 Research Design  139-142
    6.1.1 Purposes of the Study  139-140
    6.1.2 Description of the Data  140-142
  6.2 A Classification and Brief Account of the Ways of Responding to Irony  142-148
    6.2.1 Serious Responses to the Implied  142-144
    6.2.2 Acceptance of the Irony and Playing Along  144-146
    6.2.3 Simple Laughter  146-147
    6.2.4 Zero Response  147-148
  6.3 A Comparison of the Responses to Irony between Mandarin Chinese and American English  148-155
    6.3.1 An Overall Comparison  149
    6.3.2 Serious Reactions  149-153
    6.3.3 Acceptance of the Irony and Playing Along  153
    6.3.4 Simple Laughter  153-154
    6.3.5 Zero Response  154-155
  6.4 Summary  155-159
Chapter 7 Conclusion  159-167
  7.0 Introduction  159
  7.1 Summary of the Major Findings  159-163
    7.1.1 Major Findings in the Study on the Pragma-linguistic forms and Pragmatic Strategies in Irony Realization  159-161
    7.1.2 Major Findings in the Study on the Ways of Responding to Irony  161-163
  7.2 Practical Implications of the Present Study  163-165
  7.3 Limitations of This Study and Suggestions for Further Research  165-167
Appendix  167-172
References  172-183

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